![]() This first factor demonstrates thatthe complex and ambiguous relationship between the yakuza and the state has always been more than purely symbiotic. The two key factors driving this evolution have been the changes in the legal, and law-enforcement environment within which these groups must operate, and the economic opportunities available to them. The yakuza haveundergone considerable change in their business activities over the last half-century. ![]() Although the yakuza's protective mafia role has existed at least since the end of the Second World War, and arguably longer, their sources of income have not remained constant. In this respect they are analogous to the Sicilian Mafia, and the mafias of Russia, Hong Kong and the United States. Peter Hill argues that the essential characteristic of Japan's criminal syndicates is their provision of protection to consumers in Japan's under- and upper-worlds. Based on extensive interviews with criminals, police officers, lawyers, journalists, and academics, this is the first academic analysis in English of Japan's criminal syndicates. The Japanese mafia - known collectively as yakuza - has had a considerable influence on Japanese society over the past fifty years.
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